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Related Concept Videos

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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth
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Vesicle formation mechanisms: an overview.

Chandra Has1, Sharadwata Pan2

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.

Journal of Liposome Research
|February 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores vesicle formation, detailing thermodynamic and kinetic factors influencing bilayer self-assembly. Understanding these principles is key for fabricating vesicles for diverse scientific applications.

Keywords:
Vesicle formationbending energycritical radiusedge energymembrane deformation

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Vesicles are spherical capsules formed by bilayers, encapsulating aqueous solutions.
  • They are synthesized using phospholipids or other amphiphiles like surfactants and block copolymers.
  • Vesicles have broad applications in biochemistry, biophysics, biology, and pharmaceuticals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively appraise the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of vesicle formation.
  • To derive the fundamental conditions necessary for vesicle self-assembly.
  • To provide an overview of bilayer/membrane generation, deformation, and vesicle formation mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of thermodynamic principles including chemical potential, geometric packing, and elastic properties.
  • Analysis of kinetic effects on vesicle formation from lamellar phases, with and without shearing.
  • Examination of vesicle formation from pre-existing bilayers and from lipids transferred from organic solvents.

Main Results:

  • Detailed thermodynamic overview of bilayer formation and deformation.
  • Highlighting inherent mechanisms of vesicle formation across different manufacturing modes.
  • Review of experimental and theoretical outcomes, driving forces for size selection, and scaling laws.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the thermodynamics and kinetics of bilayer self-assembly is crucial for controlled vesicle fabrication.
  • This review consolidates knowledge on vesicle formation mechanisms, aiding in the design of vesicles for specific applications.
  • The study facilitates a deeper comprehension of vesicle formation, essential for advancements in various scientific disciplines.