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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Author Spotlight: Achieving High-Purity In Vitro Differentiation of Th17 Cells Using Cytokine Concentration Modulation
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Author Spotlight: Achieving High-Purity In Vitro Differentiation of Th17 Cells Using Cytokine Concentration Modulation

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A Fever-Th17 Cell Immune Axis: Some SMADs Like It Hot.

Sharon S Evans1, Michelle M Appenheimer1

  • 1Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.

Immunity
|February 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Fever enhances immune responses by promoting T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation. This occurs via a T cell-intrinsic SMAD4-dependent pathway, impacting autoimmune conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Fever is known to benefit immune responses.
  • The specific effects of fever on T cell polarization remain unclear.
  • Understanding T cell responses is crucial for managing autoimmune diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of fever on T cell polarization.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which fever influences T cell differentiation.
  • To determine the role of fever in the context of autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • The study utilized T cell cultures and mouse models.
  • Investigated the role of SMAD4 in T cell differentiation during fever.
  • Analyzed Th17 cell differentiation and pathogenicity.

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

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Last Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Author Spotlight: Achieving High-Purity In Vitro Differentiation of Th17 Cells Using Cytokine Concentration Modulation
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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes
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Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

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Main Results:

  • Fever selectively drives the differentiation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells.
  • This process is mediated by a T cell-intrinsic SMAD4-dependent mechanism.
  • The findings highlight fever's role in promoting Th17 pathogenicity in autoimmunity.

Conclusions:

  • Fever promotes Th17 cell differentiation and pathogenicity through an intrinsic SMAD4 pathway.
  • This mechanism contributes to the development of autoimmunity.
  • The study provides novel insights into fever's immunomodulatory effects.