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Related Concept Videos

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Hepatic Portal System01:21

Hepatic Portal System

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The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors01:16

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors

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The biliary system of the liver, crucial for bile secretion and drug excretion, comprises intrahepatic bile ducts that merge to form the common hepatic duct. This duct, carrying hepatic bile, combines with the cystic duct, draining the gallbladder and forming the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. Bile, produced by hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, is composed primarily of water, bile salts, pigments, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids. Bile...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

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Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

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Hepatitis E, what's the real issue?

Hélène Larrue1, Florence Abravanel2, Jean-Marie Péron1

  • 1Service d'hépatologie Hôpital Rangueil CHU Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier III, Toulouse, France.

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
|February 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) causes millions of infections globally, primarily through waterborne routes in developing nations and zoonotic transmission in developed countries. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing HEV, especially in vulnerable populations.

Keywords:
acute viral hepatitischronic hepatitishepatitis E virusneurologic symptomsribavirinzoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is a major global cause of acute viral hepatitis, with 20 million cases and 70,000 deaths annually.
  • HEV transmission varies geographically: genotypes 1 and 2 cause waterborne outbreaks in developing countries, while genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic in developed nations.
  • Emerging transmission routes include parenteral transmission via blood products, with HEV viraemia prevalence in European blood donors ranging from 1/600 to 1/2500.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the global epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection.
  • To highlight the different genotypes, transmission routes, and clinical manifestations of HEV.
  • To discuss diagnostic methods, treatment options, and prevention strategies for HEV.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of HEV epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnostics, and treatment.
  • Analysis of data on global HEV incidence, mortality, and geographical distribution.
  • Review of diagnostic tools such as serological tests (anti-HEV IgM) and molecular methods (PCR).

Main Results:

  • HEV causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, with distinct epidemiological patterns in developing and developed countries.
  • HEV infection can lead to neurological disorders and chronic infections in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Acute HEV infection is often asymptomatic and self-limiting, but can be severe in pregnant women and cirrhotic patients.

Conclusions:

  • HEV poses a significant global health challenge requiring diverse control strategies tailored to regional transmission patterns.
  • Early diagnosis through serological and molecular testing is essential for effective management.
  • While a vaccine exists in China, further research into prevention and treatment, particularly for chronic HEV, is warranted.