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Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Inkjet-printed Polyvinyl Alcohol Multilayers
Published on: May 11, 2017
A Pediatrics Utilization Study in The Netherlands to Identify Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Suitable for Inkjet
J Carolina Visser1, Lisa Wibier1,2, Olga Kiefer3
1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
Insights
This study explored active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for inkjet-printed orodispersible films (ODFs) in children aged 0-5 years. Pharmaceutical inkjet printing shows promise for pediatric ODFs, though achieving higher drug doses requires further development.
Area of Science:
- Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Pediatric Drug Delivery
- Formulation Development
Background:
- Medication use in pediatrics (0-5 years) was investigated to identify suitable active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
- The focus was on APIs amenable to inkjet printing onto orodispersible films (ODFs) for pharmacy-based manufacturing.
- This research addresses the need for tailored pediatric dosage forms.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) suitable for inkjet printing on orodispersible films (ODFs) for pediatric use.
- To explore medication dispensing data in children aged 0-5 years in the Netherlands.
- To assess the feasibility of pharmaceutical inkjet printing for pediatric ODF formulations.
Main Methods:
- Utilized the IADB.nl database for pharmacy dispensing data in children aged 0-5 years.
- Employed a stepwise exclusion approach to identify potential drug candidates for ODF development.
- Evaluated 34 selected APIs for their suitability for inkjet printing, considering water solubility.
Main Results:
- 612 APIs were dispensed to the pediatric group, predominantly antibiotics; 221 were used off-label.
- Most identified APIs exhibited low water solubility, posing challenges for formulation.
- 34 APIs were shortlisted for inkjet printing suitability assessment.
Conclusions:
- Pharmaceutical inkjet printing is a viable technique for pediatric ODF manufacturing.
- Montelukast is a promising candidate due to its high water solubility for aqueous solutions.
- Achieving higher drug loads may involve multi-layer printing or using highly soluble APIs/suspensions.
Background:
The use of medication in pediatrics, children aged 0-5 years, was explored so as to identify active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) suitable for inkjet printing on a plain orodispersible film (ODF) formulation in a pharmacy.
Methods:
The database IADB.nl, containing pharmacy dispensing data from community pharmacies in the Netherlands, was used to explore medication use in the age group of 0-5 years old, based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification code (ATC code). Subsequently, a stepwise approach with four exclusion steps was used to identify the drug candidates for ODF formulation development.
Results:
there were 612 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that were dispensed to the target group, mostly antibiotics. Of the APIs, 221 were not registered for pediatrics, but were used off-label. After the exclusion steps, 34 APIs were examined regarding their suitability for inkjet printing. Almost all of the APIs were sparingly water soluble to practically insoluble.
Conclusion:
Pharmaceutical inkjet printing is a suitable new technique for ODF manufacturing for pediatric application, however the maximal printed dose as found in the literature remained low. From the selected candidates, only montelukast shows a sufficiently high water-solubility to prepare a water-based solution. To achieve higher drug loads per ODF is ambitious, but is theoretically possible by printing multiple layers, using highly water-soluble APIs or highly loaded suspensions.
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