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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

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The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis02:15

M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis

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Checkpoints throughout the cell cycle serve as safeguards and gatekeepers, allowing the cell cycle to progress in favorable conditions and slow or halt it in problematic ones. This regulation is known as the cell cycle control system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
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In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

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Macroautophagy is repressed during mitosis - seeing is believing.

Richard I Odle1, Simon J Cook1

  • 1Signalling Laboratory, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.

Autophagy
|February 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Macroautophagy (cellular recycling) is repressed during mitosis (cell division) to protect the genome. This process is controlled by CDK1, ensuring autophagosome synthesis halts until cell division concludes.

Keywords:
ATG13 (autophagy related 13)AutophagyCDK1 (cyclin dependent kinase 1)MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase)MTORC1 (MTOR complex 1)RPTOR/RAPTOR (regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1)ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1)mitosisomegasome

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Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
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Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

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In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice
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Time-Lapse Video Microscopy for Assessment of EYFP-Parkin Aggregation as a Marker for Cellular Mitophagy
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The role of macroautophagy during mitosis has been debated for 20 years.
  • Open mitosis in metazoan cells necessitates nuclear envelope breakdown, raising concerns about genome integrity.
  • Previous studies showed reduced autophagosomes during mitosis, but whether this was due to inhibited synthesis or increased degradation remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To definitively determine the status of autophagosome synthesis during mitosis.
  • To clarify the regulatory mechanisms controlling macroautophagy during cell division.
  • To address discrepancies in previous research due to inappropriate autophagy assays.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dynamic omegasome markers to track autophagosome synthesis in real-time.
  • Analyzed the role of cell division kinase 1 (CDK1) in regulating autophagy.
  • Compared findings with existing literature, considering assay suitability for mitosis.

Main Results:

  • Autophagosome synthesis is unequivocally repressed at the start of mitosis.
  • Autophagosome synthesis resumes after mitosis is complete.
  • CDK1 actively represses autophagy during mitosis by overriding MTORC1 signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Macroautophagy is actively inhibited during mitosis to maintain genome integrity.
  • CDK1 is the key regulator that represses autophagosome synthesis during cell division.
  • This study resolves the long-standing debate on macroautophagy's status during mitosis.