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Intramucosal Inoculation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells in Mice for Tumor Immune Profiling and Treatment Response Assessment

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Mandibular squamous cell carcinoma in 2 psittacines.

Morgan A Halley^1,2,3,4,5, Justin M Stilwell^1,2,3,4,5, Jessica R Comolli^1,2,3,4,5

¹Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Augusta, GA (Halley).

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : Official Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc

|February 22, 2020

Summary

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in macaws can affect the mandible, not just the beak. Biopsying the mandible is recommended for accurate diagnosis of this avian cancer.

Keywords:

black-headed caiques macaws mandible squamous cell carcinoma

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Area of Science:

Avian pathology
Veterinary oncology
Comparative pathology

Background:

Malformed gnathotheca in psittacines can be associated with underlying neoplastic processes.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common malignancy in birds, but mandibular involvement is less frequently reported.
Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for managing avian cancers.

Observation:

Two psittacine cases (green-winged macaw and black-headed caique) presented with unilateral, malformed gnathotheca.
Postmortem examination revealed invasive squamous cell carcinoma originating from the mandible in the macaw.
Biopsy of the mandibular portion of the lesion in the caique confirmed SCC.

Findings:

Neoplastic cells in the macaw were immunopositive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, confirming squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
The SCC invaded the mandible, dissecting bone and inciting periosteal proliferation, with no evidence of metastasis.
Mandibular SCC was diagnosed in both cases, with beak trims and palliative toceranib showing limited success.

Implications:

The mandible, rather than the beak, may be a more suitable biopsy site for diagnosing mandibular SCC in psittacines.
Accurate diagnosis through appropriate biopsy techniques can facilitate earlier intervention and treatment development for avian mandibular SCC.
Further research into the pathogenesis and treatment of mandibular SCC in birds is warranted.