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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
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Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

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Linking influenza virus evolution within and between human hosts.

Katherine S Xue1,2,3, Jesse D Bloom1,2,4

  • 1Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Foege Building S-250, Box 3550653720 15th Ave NE, Seattle WA 98195-5065, USA.

Virus Evolution
|February 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Influenza virus evolution differs within and between hosts. While neutral mutations accumulate, harmful protein changes are removed, except for immune-evading mutations that are favored globally.

Keywords:
McDonald–Kreitman testantigenic driftdeep sequencinginfluenza viruswithin-host evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Influenza viruses exhibit rapid genetic diversification during human infections.
  • Previous studies have deep-sequenced influenza to analyze within-host variation.
  • The relationship between within-host mutations and between-host evolution remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare genetic variation of H3N2 influenza virus within and between hosts.
  • To link viral evolutionary dynamics across different scales (within-host vs. between-host).
  • To understand the selective pressures acting on viral variants during transmission.

Main Methods:

  • Deep sequencing of clinical H3N2 influenza infections.
  • Comparative analysis of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation rates within and between hosts.
  • Assessment of selection acting on synonymous, nonsynonymous, and antigenic sites.

Main Results:

  • Synonymous sites evolve at similar rates within and between hosts, indicating accumulation of neutral variation.
  • Nonsynonymous mutations are less frequent between hosts than within hosts, suggesting purifying selection.
  • Antigenic sites show selection favoring nonsynonymous mutations at the global scale, but not within hosts.

Conclusions:

  • Selection against deleterious mutations plays a significant role in shaping influenza evolution between hosts.
  • Selection for antigenic change is a key driver of influenza evolution at the global scale.
  • Within-host variation is filtered by selection during transmission, influencing between-host evolution.