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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint
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New Developments in Transcriptomic Analysis of Synovial Tissue.

Hayley L Carr1, Jason D Turner1, Triin Major1

  • 1Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Medicine
|February 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcriptomic technologies advance understanding of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by revealing gene expression changes. Single-cell sequencing offers new insights into RA cell diversity and potential therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
fibroblastmicroarraypathotypesequencingsingle-cellstratificationsynoviumtranscriptomics

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Genomics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Transcriptomic technologies continuously evolve, enhancing the study of gene expression in health and disease.
  • These technologies have been instrumental in uncovering rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.
  • Advancements include microarrays, bulk RNA sequencing, and single-cell sequencing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of transcriptomic technologies in understanding rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  • To highlight key discoveries and advancements in RA research using transcriptomics.
  • To discuss the impact of single-cell sequencing and future technologies like spatial transcriptomics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of transcriptomic technologies including microarrays, bulk RNA sequencing, and single-cell RNA sequencing.
  • Application of these technologies to study pathological changes in rheumatoid arthritis joints.
  • Exploration of how transcriptomics aids in classifying RA pathotypes and understanding cell subpopulations.

Main Results:

  • Microarrays and bulk RNA sequencing have elucidated RA disease mechanisms and pathotypes.
  • Single-cell sequencing has significantly improved the understanding of cell diversity, particularly synovial fibroblasts, in RA.
  • Transcriptomics has identified novel potential therapeutic targets for RA.

Conclusions:

  • Transcriptomic technologies have revolutionized the study of rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Single-cell sequencing represents a significant advancement in understanding RA cellular heterogeneity.
  • Future technologies like spatial transcriptomics promise integrated insights into synovial pathology in RA.