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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Optical Spin-Wave Storage in a Solid-State Hybridized Electron-Nuclear Spin Ensemble.

M Businger1, A Tiranov1, K T Kaczmarek1

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

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Researchers demonstrate optical storage using electron-nuclear spin states in ytterbium-doped crystals. This breakthrough offers long storage times and high bandwidth for quantum networks, overcoming previous limitations in quantum memory technology.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Rare-earth-ion doped crystals are explored for quantum memories due to their long storage times and high capacity.
  • A key challenge is balancing bandwidth (favoring electron spins) and memory time (favoring nuclear spins).
  • Hybridized electron-nuclear spin states offer a potential solution to this tradeoff.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate optical storage using hybridized electron-nuclear hyperfine states in Ytterbium-171 doped Yttrium Orthosilicate (¹⁷¹Yb³⁺:Y₂SiO₅).
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of achieving both long storage times and high bandwidth in a single quantum memory system.
  • To establish a foundation for rare-earth ion-based quantum memories suitable for quantum repeaters.

Main Methods:

  • Optical storage experiments were conducted using ¹⁷¹Yb³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ crystals.
  • Highly hybridized electron-nuclear hyperfine states were utilized for optical control and storage.
  • Storage time and optical storage bandwidth were measured, with bandwidth limited by optical control pulse parameters.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a storage time of 1.2 milliseconds.
  • Demonstrated an optical storage bandwidth of 10 MHz.
  • Obtained a memory efficiency of approximately 3% in this proof-of-principle experiment.
  • This marks the first optical storage using spin states in a rare-earth ion with an electronic spin.

Conclusions:

  • The use of hybridized electron-nuclear spin states in ¹⁷¹Yb³⁺:Y₂SiO₅ enables simultaneous long storage time and high bandwidth.
  • These findings represent a significant advancement for rare-earth based quantum memories.
  • The demonstrated capabilities are crucial for developing high-performance quantum repeaters for quantum networks.