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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Histone Modification02:32

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Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The writer...
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Techniques to Induce and Quantify Cellular Senescence
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The Histone Code of Senescence.

Harikrishnareddy Paluvai1, Eros Di Giorgio1, Claudio Brancolini1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Udine. P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.

Cells
|February 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cellular senescence, a response to DNA damage, involves epigenetic changes that regulate cell cycle arrest and inflammation. These modifications impact aging and disease, highlighting the role of histone modifications in these processes.

Keywords:
DNA damageOISRSSAHFSASPSIPS

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Senescence is a complex cellular response to irreparable DNA damage, characterized by permanent cell-cycle arrest.
  • Maintaining senescence requires cellular adaptation to a stressful microenvironment, orchestrated by epigenetic resetting.
  • Epigenetic modifications play a crucial role in sustaining both the pro-survival response and the inflammatory state of senescent cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of key histone modifications associated with cellular senescence.
  • To explore the role of epigenetic dynamism in aging and DNA damage response.
  • To highlight how epigenetic alterations in senescence influence physiological and pathological processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of relevant scientific literature on senescence and epigenetics.
  • Analysis of histone modifications involved in cell-cycle arrest and DNA damage response.
  • Discussion of the impact of epigenetic changes on gene transcription and cellular function.

Main Results:

  • Senescence involves distinct waves of epigenetic changes, including histone modifications.
  • A first wave of epigenetic changes establishes cell-cycle arrest in response to DNA damage.
  • A second wave of epigenetic modifications promotes genomic reorganization and pro-inflammatory gene transcription.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic dynamism, particularly histone modifications, is central to the regulation of senescence.
  • Dysregulated epigenetic modifications in senescence are linked to aging, cancer, and neurodegeneration.
  • Understanding these histone modifications is crucial for deciphering senescence, aging, and DNA damage response.