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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:23

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Related Experiment Video

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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Non-coding RNAs in CD8 T cell biology.

Alexandria C Wells1, Elena L Pobezinskaya2, Leonid A Pobezinsky2

  • 1National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States.

Molecular Immunology
|February 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulators in CD8 T cell biology. This review summarizes ncRNA roles in CD8 T cell development, differentiation into memory cells, and fighting infections and cancer.

Keywords:
CTLEffectorExhaustionMemoryNaïvelncRNAmiRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • CD8 T cells are crucial for fighting viral infections and cancer.
  • Their development and function are regulated by complex genetic networks.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), are increasingly recognized as vital regulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of ncRNA involvement in CD8 T cell biology.
  • To highlight the roles of miRNAs and lncRNAs in CD8 T cell differentiation.
  • To summarize ncRNA functions in immune responses against pathogens and tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on ncRNAs and CD8 T cells.
  • Analysis of transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory networks.
  • Synthesis of findings on miRNA and lncRNA functions in T cell biology.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs play significant roles in controlling CD8 T cell development, activation, and differentiation.
  • Specific miRNAs and lncRNAs are implicated in the generation of memory and exhausted CD8 T cells.
  • Dysregulation of ncRNAs can impact immune responses and disease outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are essential regulators of CD8 T cell immunity.
  • Further research into ncRNAs offers potential therapeutic strategies for infections and cancer.
  • The field of lncRNAs in T cell biology is rapidly expanding.