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Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
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The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
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When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
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Updated: Dec 15, 2025

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Sympathetic hyperinnervation in myofascial trigger points.

Lei Cao1, Yanping Gao2, Kai Wu3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Hainan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haikou, Hainan, China.

Medical Hypotheses
|February 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Sympathetic hyperinnervation was found in myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in a rat model of myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). This sympathetic remodeling may explain MPS symptoms and offer new diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Keywords:
Myofascial pain syndromeSympathetic nervous systemSympathetic remodelingTaut band

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Histopathology

Background:

  • Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common pain condition.
  • Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are key components of MPS.
  • The underlying pathophysiology of MTrPs remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sympathetic nerve distribution and activity within MTrPs.
  • To explore the pathological mechanisms of MPS using a rat model.
  • To evaluate sympathetic remodeling in MTrPs.

Main Methods:

  • Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) were induced in rats via blunt trauma and eccentric exercise.
  • Histopathology examined MTrP tissue.
  • Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry detected tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and nerve growth factor (NGF) expression.
  • ELISA measured norepinephrine (NE) levels.

Main Results:

  • Muscle fiber damage, including rupture and atrophy, was observed in MTrPs.
  • Significantly increased TH expression was noted in MTrPs of the model group compared to controls.
  • Elevated NGF and NE levels were detected in MTrPs, indicating sympathetic hyperinnervation.

Conclusions:

  • Sympathetic hyperinnervation occurs in MTrPs.
  • This sympathetic remodeling contributes to the symptoms of MPS.
  • Sympathetic hyperinnervation presents a novel perspective for MPS diagnosis and treatment.