Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

370
Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...
370
Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

678
Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
678
Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

480
Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...
480
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

3.0K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over...
3.0K
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

32.9K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
32.9K
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

65.1K
The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
65.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Quality over quantity: association between autistic traits and daily-life social interactions in adolescents and young adults from the TwinssCan cohort.

CNS spectrums·2026
Same author

The East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey: The Methodology of a Population-Based Registry With Biobank.

Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies·2026
Same author

Genetic sensitivity to the environment moderates the impact of positive and negative childhood experiences on psychological adjustment "for good and for bad".

European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists·2026
Same author

The association between daily reports of psychotic experiences and life worthiness in early risk stages for psychosis and across gender.

Schizophrenia research·2026
Same author

Sex differences in the effect of childhood adversity and coping strategies on psychosis expression: A TwinssCan study.

European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists·2026
Same author

Clonal dynamics of monozygotic twinning in early human embryogenesis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM
05:47

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM

Published on: September 23, 2021

8.0K

Cortisol dynamics in depression: Application of a continuous-time process model.

Sanne H Booij1, Johanna T W Wigman2, Nele Jacobs3

  • 1University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation, The Netherlands; Friesland Mental Health Services, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Center for Integrative Psychiatry, Lentis, Groningen, the Netherlands.

Psychoneuroendocrinology
|February 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cortisol regulation strength, the speed at which cortisol returns to its set point, appears faster in depressed individuals. This study used a novel multilevel process model to analyze cortisol dynamics in daily life.

Keywords:
Continuous-time process modelCortisolDaily lifeDepressionDynamicsRegulation strength

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Establishing a Rodent Model for Investigating Depression Factors in Traditional Mongolian Medicine
05:56

Author Spotlight: Establishing a Rodent Model for Investigating Depression Factors in Traditional Mongolian Medicine

Published on: October 27, 2023

1.6K
An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents
06:55

An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents

Published on: December 2, 2015

23.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 28, 2025

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM
05:47

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model CDM

Published on: September 23, 2021

8.0K
Author Spotlight: Establishing a Rodent Model for Investigating Depression Factors in Traditional Mongolian Medicine
05:56

Author Spotlight: Establishing a Rodent Model for Investigating Depression Factors in Traditional Mongolian Medicine

Published on: October 27, 2023

1.6K
An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents
06:55

An Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Instigating Depressive Symptoms, Behavioral Changes and Negative Health Outcomes in Rodents

Published on: December 2, 2015

23.2K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Psychiatry
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Cortisol temporal dynamics may be altered in depression.
  • Studying these dynamics in daily life requires specific analytical methods.
  • Previous research indicates potential alterations in cortisol patterns associated with depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply a continuous-time multilevel process model to analyze cortisol set point, variability, and regulation strength.
  • To examine the generalizability of these parameters across different datasets and methodologies.
  • To test the hypothesis that regulation strength, but not set point or variability, differs in depressed individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Bayesian multilevel Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) process model.
  • Analyzed two datasets: a large female twin sample (n=523) and a smaller pair-matched sample of depressed and non-depressed individuals (n=30).
  • Saliva samples were collected multiple times daily over several days/weeks to capture cortisol dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Cortisol set point and variability were higher in the general population sample compared to the pair-matched sample.
  • Relative measures like the ratio of set point to variability and regulation strength were consistent across samples.
  • Depressed individuals in the pair-matched sample exhibited significantly faster cortisol regulation strength compared to non-depressed individuals.

Conclusions:

  • The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process model effectively captured cortisol dynamics across different datasets.
  • Results suggest an increased cortisol regulation strength in individuals with depression.
  • The study recommends this methodology for future research and calls for replication in diverse depressed populations.