Short communication: Describing mortality and euthanasia practices on Canadian dairy farms

Area of Science:

• Animal Science
• Veterinary Medicine
• Agricultural Management

Background:

• Dairy farming is a significant agricultural sector in Canada.
• Animal health and welfare are increasingly important considerations for consumers and industry stakeholders.
• Understanding current mortality and euthanasia practices is crucial for targeted improvements.

Purpose of the Study:

• To document mortality rates in Canadian dairy cows and calves (heifers and males).
• To investigate the methods and frequency of euthanasia practices on Canadian dairy farms.
• To identify potential areas for improvement in dairy cattle health and welfare.

Main Methods:

• An internet-based survey was distributed to Canadian dairy producers in March-April 2015.
• The survey collected data on animal mortality and euthanasia practices over the preceding 12 months.
• Data analysis focused on mortality percentages, causes of death (assisted vs. unassisted), necropsy rates, and euthanasia methods.

Main Results:

• High percentages of respondents reported animal deaths (81%) and euthanasia (63%) in the past year.
• Mean mortality rates were 8% for cows, 6% for preweaning heifers, and 2% for weaned heifers.
• Firearms were the most common euthanasia method (54% for cows/heifers, 51% for male calves), but blunt force was concerningly prevalent (34% for male calves).
• Necropsy practices varied, with potential missed opportunities for diagnosing causes of death.
• Blunt force was disproportionately used for male dairy calf euthanasia, especially in Quebec, with 53% of users citing it as their primary method.

Conclusions:

• Significant proportions of Canadian dairy farms experience animal mortality and utilize euthanasia.
• The prevalence of blunt force as a euthanasia method for male dairy calves is a critical welfare concern.
• Findings highlight the need for improved veterinarian-client communication, extension programs, and industry policies to enhance dairy cattle health and welfare.