Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 27, 2025
Author Spotlight: Assessment of Cardiac Output Calculation by Thermodilution in Pigs for Effective Perfusion Flow During EVLP
Published on: June 28, 2024
Noninvasive Monitoring of Cardiac Output: A Useful Tool Yet?
Righab Hamdan1, Fida Charif2, Ali Zein3
1Department of Cardiology, Beirut Cardiac Institute, Beirut, Lebanon.
Background And Aim:
End-stage heart failure (HF) patients are at high risk for mortality and morbidity. We aimed to study the role of cardiac output (CO) assessed by Doppler as a noninvasive tool, to predict mortality, rehospitalization rate, and left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation at 6 months.
Methods And Results:
We retrospectively analyzed the data of 60 patients with end-stage HF from different etiologies and an LV ejection fraction ≤20%. Patients were divided into two groups, according to the cardiac index (CI) measured by cardiac ultrasound and Doppler - Group 1: low CO or CI <2 l/min/m2 and Group 2: preserved CO or CI ≥2 l/min/m2. Group 1 included 30 patients with mean CI of 1.52 ± l/min/m2. Group 2 included 30 patients with mean CI of 2.27 ± l/min/m2. At 6 months of follow-up, mortality was significantly higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (16% vs. 5%, P = 0.0001). Patients in Group 1 had higher hospitalization rate at 6 months compared to patients in Group 2 (3.5 ± 0.9 vs. 1.9 ± 0.6, P = 0.013). There was significantly more LVAD implantation in 16 patients (26%) in Group 1 versus seven patients (12%) in Group 2 (P = 0.04).
Conclusion:
CI measured noninvasively by cardiac ultrasound is a simple and useful tool in HF patients' risk stratification and in predicting prognosis and outcome.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
01:30Pulse rhythm
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
01:19Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
01:11Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
01:22Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
01:30Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure
This invasive approach involves cannulating a peripheral artery. During each cardiac contraction, pressure generates mechanical motion within the catheter, transmitted through rigid, fluid-filled tubing to a transducer. This transducer converts mechanical motion into electrical signals displayed as waveforms on a monitor. An automatic flushing system prevents blood backflow. Due to the potential risk of unexpected arterial blood loss, this method is primarily used in intensive...
01:05Pulse
Pulse Rate and its Significance
Pulse rate, often measured in beats per minute (bpm), reflects the heart rate (HR), which is influenced by numerous factors such as stress, physical activity, and hormonal changes. A normal resting adult pulse rate falls...