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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
12.6K
Precipitation Titration: Overview01:26

Precipitation Titration: Overview

8.7K
Precipitation titration involves the reaction of a titrant and an analyte to generate an insoluble precipitate. While precipitation titration uses various precipitating agents, silver nitrate is the most common precipitating reagent; titrations involving Ag+ are called argentometric titrations. Usually, the endpoint in a precipitation titration can be detected by visual indicators.
A precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of the titrant or analyte upon adding the...
8.7K
Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis01:21

Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis

1.7K
The precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of one reactant with the volume of titrant added. During the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate, the precipitation titration curve is divided into three regions: before, at, and after the equivalence point. Before the equivalence point, low redissolution of the sparingly soluble silver chloride precipitate gives a low silver ion concentration. However, in the second region, representing the equivalence point,...
1.7K
Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods01:19

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

4.4K
In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...
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Simulating Impacts of Ice Storms on Forest Ecosystems
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Quantifying snowfall from orographic cloud seeding.

Katja Friedrich1, Kyoko Ikeda2, Sarah A Tessendorf2

  • 1Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309; katja.friedrich@colorado.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a new method to quantify snowfall from cloud seeding in mountain regions. Combining radar and snow gauge data, it accurately measures the water generated by this weather modification technology.

Keywords:
cloud seedingcloudsgauge observationsprecipitationradar observations

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Hydrology
  • Weather Modification

Background:

  • Increasing water demand in arid regions due to climate change and population growth.
  • Cloud seeding has been explored for decades to augment water supply, traditionally using statistical methods.
  • Previous statistical approaches lacked precise physical quantification of cloud seeding impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a physically based approach for quantifying snowfall from glaciogenic cloud seeding in mountain systems.
  • To accurately measure the spatial and temporal evolution of precipitation generated by cloud seeding.
  • To provide a critical advancement in quantifying the impact of cloud seeding operations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a combination of radar technology and precipitation gauge measurements.
  • Isolating precipitation areas unambiguously attributed to cloud seeding from natural precipitation.
  • Analyzing the spatial and temporal characteristics of seeded snowfall events.

Main Results:

  • Precipitation gauges recorded increases of 0.05 to 0.3 mm from seeded clouds.
  • Quantified water generation from cloud seeding ranged from 1.2 x 10^5 m^3 to 3.4 x 10^5 m^3.
  • Demonstrated the capability to measure snowfall generated by cloud seeding events.

Conclusions:

  • The combined radar and gauge approach offers a robust method for quantifying cloud seeding impacts.
  • This physically based method advances the scientific understanding and measurement of weather modification.
  • Results provide crucial data for evaluating the effectiveness of cloud seeding for water resource management.