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Low birth weight and PM2.5 in Puerto Rico.

Kipruto Kirwa1, Rafael McConnell-Rios2, Justin Manjourides3

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA.

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Prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is linked to low birth weight (LBW) in Puerto Rico. This study highlights the environmental risks of air pollution on infant health in minority populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Reproductive Health
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Low birth weight (LBW) is a significant risk factor for adverse health outcomes throughout life.
  • Few studies have investigated the link between LBW and prenatal air pollution exposure, particularly in ethnic/racial minority populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between LBW and prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) among Hispanic and black populations in Puerto Rico.
  • To identify potential environmental risk factors for LBW in a vulnerable population.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized modified Poisson regression and a 2-stage mixed effects model to analyze data from 1999-2013.
  • Adjusted for individual and municipality-level confounders.
  • Performed sensitivity analyses using continuous and polychotomous birth weight measures.

Main Results:

  • A standard deviation increase in PM2.5 was associated with a 3.2% higher risk of LBW among term births.
  • Exposure during the first and second trimesters showed increased LBW risk.
  • Longitudinal modeling indicated a higher risk of LBW with increased average PM2.5 exposure (OR=1.04).

Conclusions:

  • Prenatal exposure to PM2.5 is associated with an increased risk of low birth weight in Puerto Rico.
  • Findings underscore the importance of addressing air pollution as a modifiable risk factor for infant health in minority communities.