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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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Compounds bearing two hydroxyl groups are known as diols. When the hydroxyl groups are located on adjacent carbon atoms, the diols are called vicinal diols or glycols. Under acidic conditions, vicinal diols undergo a specific reaction called pinacol rearrangement.
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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

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Tau Oligomers.

Sumihiro Maeda1, Akihiko Takashima2

  • 1Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. sumihiro.maeda@keio.jp.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|February 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-filamentous tau oligomers, not tau filaments, are implicated in neurodegeneration. This study clarifies tau oligomer identification methods and discusses their functions in diseases like Alzheimer's disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pathology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Tau protein aggregation in neurons is a key feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
  • Filamentous tau aggregates are less toxic than non-filamentous tau species, known as tau oligomers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define tau oligomers and standardize their identification methodologies.
  • To summarize variations in tau oligomer definitions across research groups.
  • To discuss the proposed functions of tau oligomers in neurodegeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing research on tau oligomer identification.
  • Comparative analysis of different methodologies for isolating tau oligomers.
  • Literature review on the hypothesized roles of tau oligomers.

Main Results:

  • Tau oligomers, rather than filaments, are increasingly recognized as the primary toxic species in tauopathies.
  • Significant variability exists in the definition and isolation of tau oligomers among different research laboratories.
  • Hypothesized functions of tau oligomers include disruption of cellular processes and propagation of pathology.

Conclusions:

  • Clarifying tau oligomer identification is crucial for understanding their role in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Standardized methods are needed to accurately study tau oligomers and their contribution to neuronal dysfunction.
  • Further research into tau oligomer functions will aid in developing targeted therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders.