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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Protected areas buffer against harvest selection and rebuild phenotypic complexity.

Albert Fernández-Chacón1,2, David Villegas-Ríos3,4, Even Moland2,5

  • 1Joint Research Unit for Biodiversity (UO, CSIC, PA), University of Oviedo, 33600, Mieres, Spain.

Ecological Applications : a Publication of the Ecological Society of America
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PubMed
Summary

Marine protected areas (MPAs) can protect lobsters by increasing survival and promoting larger sizes. This helps rebuild populations and protects them from fishing selection.

Keywords:
Skagerrakcapture-recapturefisheries-induced selectionlobstermarine protected areassize structuresurvivalvital rates

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Area of Science:

  • Marine ecology
  • Fisheries science
  • Conservation biology

Background:

  • Harvesting truncates species' size structure, reducing complexity and productivity.
  • Marine protected areas (MPAs) may protect larger individuals, mitigating harvest effects.
  • MPA effectiveness depends on shifts in size-dependent mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure MPA effects on size-selective mortality and size structure.
  • To assess if MPAs can indicate longer-term ecological and evolutionary responses to harvest.
  • To evaluate MPA protection for European lobster (Homarus gammarus).

Main Methods:

  • Directly measured MPA effects using mark-recapture data.
  • Collected data on European lobster over a decade at three MPA-control pairs.
  • Employed mark-recapture modeling accounting for recapture probabilities.

Main Results:

  • Annual survival was higher in MPAs (0.592) than control areas (0.298).
  • Control areas showed negative survival-size relationships; MPAs showed positive relationships.
  • Mean and maximum lobster body size increased in MPAs but not control areas.

Conclusions:

  • MPAs can rebuild phenotypic complexity (size structure) in harvested populations.
  • MPAs provide significant protection from harvest selection.
  • MPAs can serve as an indicator of ecological and evolutionary responses to harvest.