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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

2.7K
Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
2.7K
Disorder of Water Balance01:29

Disorder of Water Balance

2.3K
Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids (particularly water).
Causes:
The major causes of dehydration include excessive sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis.
Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms primarily include intense...
2.3K
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

729
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
729
Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

2.8K
The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...
2.8K
Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics01:28

Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

2.1K
Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
2.1K
Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

1.8K
The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
1.8K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids
08:02

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Published on: April 25, 2016

10.0K

Hyponatremia and Glucocorticoid Deficiency.

Aoife Garrahy, Chris J Thompson

    Frontiers of Hormone Research
    |February 26, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    Glucocorticoid deficiency is a common, treatable cause of hyponatremia often missed due to similar symptoms to SIAD. Early diagnosis is crucial for patient safety and effective treatment.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Nephrology
    • Internal Medicine

    Background:

    • Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical settings.
    • Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) is the most prevalent cause of hyponatremia.
    • Glucocorticoid deficiency presents a diagnostic challenge due to its biochemical similarity to SIAD.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the pathophysiology of hyponatremia in glucocorticoid deficiency.
    • To discuss the differential diagnosis of euvolemic hyponatremia.
    • To examine the prevalence of glucocorticoid deficiency in hyponatremic patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of physiopathology and clinical guidelines.
    • Analysis of diagnostic criteria for SIAD and glucocorticoid deficiency.

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  • Examination of reported prevalence data in clinical practice and research.

    • Main Results:

    • Glucocorticoid deficiency causes hyponatremia via impaired renal water handling and elevated arginine vasopressin (AVP).
    • Clinical guidelines emphasize normal adrenal reserve for SIAD diagnosis, yet plasma cortisol measurement is often overlooked.
    • The prevalence of glucocorticoid deficiency in euvolemic hyponatremia may be underestimated, leading to missed diagnoses.

    Conclusions:

    • Glucocorticoid deficiency is an under-recognized cause of euvolemic hyponatremia.
    • Failure to measure plasma cortisol can lead to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment.
    • Accurate diagnosis is essential to avoid missing this dangerous, yet treatable, condition.