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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Competition02:34

Competition

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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

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Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...
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Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Inoculating Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes with Beads to Induce and Measure the Melanization Immune Response
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Evolutionary consequences of feedbacks between within-host competition and disease control.

Megan A Greischar1, Helen K Alexander2, Farrah Bashey3

  • 1Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St., Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.

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|February 27, 2020
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Parasite competition within hosts can be altered by control efforts. This study explores how competition and control influence the evolution of drug resistance and disease severity in parasites.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Parasites frequently compete within a single host organism.
  • Control strategies can modify the intensity of this interspecific competition.
  • Understanding these dynamics is crucial for managing infectious diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of varying competition levels on parasite evolution.
  • To determine how control interventions affect the evolution of parasite traits.
  • To analyze the relationship between parasite competition, control, and the emergence of drug resistance and disease severity.

Main Methods:

  • Mathematical modeling was employed to simulate parasite population dynamics.
  • Evolutionary game theory principles were applied to assess trait evolution.
  • Scenarios with different intensities of interspecific competition and control were compared.

Main Results:

  • Increased competition generally selects against more virulent or drug-resistant strains when control is absent.
  • Control measures, particularly those reducing parasite numbers, can inadvertently favor the evolution of drug resistance.
  • The interplay between competition and control creates complex evolutionary trajectories for parasite traits.

Conclusions:

  • Control strategies must consider their potential to alter parasite competition and drive the evolution of undesirable traits.
  • Interventions aimed at reducing parasite burden may necessitate integrated approaches to prevent resistance.
  • The study highlights the need for adaptive management strategies in parasite control programs.