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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction01:17

Chronic Bowel Disorders: Introduction

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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive feature is recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements, manifesting as constipation, diarrhea, or fluctuating between both. The...
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Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin,...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is a chronic condition that can persist over a long period or recur frequently.
The pathogenesis of IBS involves a complex interplay of the following factors:
Altered...
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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
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The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach
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Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, LPS Translocation, and Disease Development.

Siddhartha S Ghosh1, Jing Wang1, Paul J Yannie2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia.

Journal of the Endocrine Society
|February 27, 2020
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Summary

The intestinal barrier, composed of physical and functional layers, prevents harmful substances like lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from entering circulation. Understanding and modulating these layers is key to treating diseases linked to barrier dysfunction.

Keywords:
chronic inflammationdiabetesintestinal alkaline phosphataselayers of intestinal barriermacrophage activationmetabolic diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • The intestinal barrier is a multilayered defense system crucial for preventing systemic circulation of luminal contents.
  • It comprises physical components (epithelial cells, mucin layers) and functional elements (intestinal alkaline phosphatase, antibacterial proteins).
  • Dysfunction of the intestinal barrier, marked by increased circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is linked to various diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the intestinal barrier's composition, assessment, and modulation.
  • To explore mechanisms of disease development due to intestinal barrier dysfunction.
  • To identify potential therapeutic strategies for improving intestinal barrier function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on intestinal barrier structure and function.
  • Analysis of mechanisms linking barrier dysfunction to disease pathogenesis.
  • Synthesis of information on methods for assessing and modulating intestinal barrier layers.

Main Results:

  • Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) detoxifies lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by dephosphorylating its active Lipid A component, mitigating inflammation and translocation.
  • Antibacterial proteins contribute to host defense against gut microbes.
  • Changes in intestinal barrier layers are associated with disease development, highlighting the need for targeted interventions.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of the intestinal barrier is essential for developing targeted therapies for barrier dysfunction-associated diseases.
  • Modulating individual layers of the intestinal barrier holds therapeutic potential.
  • Further research into assessment and therapeutic strategies for intestinal barrier dysfunction is warranted.