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Effective problem-solving consists of two steps: 1. identifying the problem and 2. selecting the appropriate problem-solving strategy (i.e., a plan of action used to find a solution). Humans use four problem-solving strategies:
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Coping Strategies: Problem Focused01:27

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Coping strategies are methods people use to manage, tolerate, or reduce the effects of stressors. These strategies involve both behavioral and psychological actions to handle stressful situations. One common approach is problem-focused coping, which aims to change or eliminate the source of stress rather than merely addressing its consequences. This method involves taking direct action to resolve the issue causing stress.
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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
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Turtle, Task Ninja, or Time Waster? Who Cares? Traditional Task-Completion Strategies Are Overrated.

Lisa Vangsness1, Michael E Young2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Wichita State University.

Psychological Science
|February 27, 2020
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Summary

Standard methods oversimplify task completion. A new holistic approach revealed both precrastination and procrastination hinder timely task completion, highlighting the need for comprehensive analysis.

Keywords:
discountinglatent profile analysisopen dataopen materialsprecrastinationprocrastinationtask completiontask valuation

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Research Methodology

Background:

  • Current methods for identifying task-completion strategies like procrastination and precrastination oversimplify complex behaviors.
  • A need exists for more nuanced approaches to understand how individuals manage tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a novel, holistic method for identifying task-completion strategies.
  • To compare the efficacy of this new method against standard diagnostic approaches.
  • To investigate the relationship between task-completion strategies and negative outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a new, holistic method for identifying task-completion strategies.
  • Application of the method to a large archival dataset (N = 8,655) of electronic research participation records.
  • Comparative analysis of the new method against traditional diagnostic techniques.

Main Results:

  • The novel approach demonstrated superior performance compared to standard diagnostic methods.
  • Both procrastination and precrastination were associated with difficulties in completing tasks by deadlines.
  • The study identified multiple task-completion strategies linked to adverse outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Holistic approaches are crucial for accurately understanding task-completion strategies.
  • Oversimplified markers fail to capture the nuances of how individuals manage tasks.
  • Task characteristics, individual differences, and task completion are interconnected and require integrated analysis.