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Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Adaptive Evolution Targets a piRNA Precursor Transcription Network.

Swapnil S Parhad1, Tianxiong Yu2, Gen Zhang1

  • 1Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.

Cell Reports
|February 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adaptive evolution in Drosophila reshapes the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff complex to balance piRNA production. This involves interactions controlling both canonical and non-canonical transcription of transposons for host defense.

Keywords:
CtBPCutoffTRF2adaptive evolutioncross-species complementationpiRNA cluster transcriptional regulationpiRNA pathwaytransposon silencing

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transposon-silencing piRNAs in Drosophila originate from heterochromatic and euchromatic regions.
  • The Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff complex is crucial for piRNA biogenesis, with Rhino interacting with Deadlock and TRF2 to promote non-canonical transcription.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Cutoff (Cuff), a Rai1 homolog, in the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff complex.
  • To understand how adaptive evolution influences the interactions within this complex and impacts piRNA production.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans models.
  • Investigated protein complex formation and transcriptional regulation through genetic manipulation and expression of mutant alleles (e.g., dominant-negative Cutoff).

Main Results:

  • Drosophila simulans Cutoff acts as a dominant-negative allele in D. melanogaster, trapping Deadlock, TRF2, and CtBP.
  • Cutoff, Rhino, and Deadlock cooperate to drive non-canonical transcription.
  • CtBP suppresses canonical transcription, which interferes with non-canonical transcription and piRNA production.

Conclusions:

  • Adaptive evolution targets interactions between Cutoff, TRF2, and CtBP.
  • These interactions balance canonical and non-canonical transcription of piRNA precursors.
  • This regulation is essential for effective host defense against transposons.