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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery
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A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery

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An Organic Redox Flow Cell-Inspired Paper-Based Primary Battery.

Marina Navarro-Segarra1, Perla Patricia Alday1, David Garcia1

  • 1Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), C/ dels Til⋅lers sn, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.

Chemsuschem
|February 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A novel paper-based organic redox flow battery utilizes sustainable quinone chemistry and capillary forces for portable power. This pump-free design achieves high efficiency and capacity, enabling safe disposal.

Keywords:
energy storagemicrofluidicsorganic batteriesquinonesredox flow batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Energy

Background:

  • Redox flow batteries (RFBs) offer scalable energy storage but often require complex pumping systems.
  • Developing portable and sustainable electrochemical power sources remains a significant challenge.
  • Organic redox-active materials present an alternative to traditional metal-based RFBs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a portable, paper-based organic redox flow primary battery.
  • To investigate the use of sustainable quinone chemistry in a capillary-driven system.
  • To optimize device design for enhanced power output, operational time, and fuel utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a compact, paper-based battery prototype.
  • Utilizing capillary forces for quasi-steady reactant flow through porous carbon electrodes.
  • Implementing co-laminar capillary flow with mixed-media electrolytes (alkaline anolyte, acidic catholyte).
  • Studying the impact of device design parameters on battery performance.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a faradaic efficiency of up to 98%, the highest for capillary-based electrochemical power sources.
  • Demonstrated a cell capacity of up to 11.4 Ah L⁻¹ cm⁻², comparable to large-scale RFBs.
  • Enabled higher cell voltages due to mixed-media operation.
  • Facilitated safe disposal through electrolyte neutralization to near-neutral pH.

Conclusions:

  • The developed paper-based organic redox flow battery is a promising portable energy storage solution.
  • Capillary-driven flow and sustainable quinone chemistry offer a pump-free, efficient, and eco-friendly alternative.
  • Further optimization of device design can enhance performance for broader applications.