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Related Concept Videos

MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Intracellular Phosphoflow Cytometry of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patient-Derived Xenotransplants
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ERK/MAPK signalling pathway and tumorigenesis.

Yan-Jun Guo1, Wei-Wei Pan1, Sheng-Bing Liu1

  • 1Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
|February 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, particularly the Ras/Raf/MAPK (MEK)/ERK cascade, are vital for cell signaling. Their dysregulation is critical in cancer development, influencing tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis.

Keywords:
ERKRafRascancerextracellular signal-regulated kinasemitogen-activated protein kinasepathwaytumorigenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Oncology
  • Signal Transduction

Background:

  • Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades regulate fundamental cellular processes like proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
  • Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1 and ERK2) are crucial serine-threonine kinases involved in normal development and disease.
  • Hyperactivation of ERK signaling is a significant driver in cancer development and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on Ras and ERK pathway members.
  • To highlight the role of ERK in tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.
  • To emphasize the involvement of the ERK/MAPK pathway in tumor extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on Ras and ERK pathway members.
  • Analysis of downstream effects of ERK activation in cancer.
  • Focus on the ERK/MAPK pathway's role in tumor microenvironment modulation.

Main Results:

  • The Ras/Raf/MAPK (MEK)/ERK pathway is a critical signaling cascade for tumor cell survival and development.
  • ERK activation is implicated in promoting tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.
  • The ERK/MAPK pathway contributes to tumor extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • The ERK/MAPK signaling pathway is a key regulator of tumor progression.
  • Targeting the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway presents a potential therapeutic strategy for various cancers.
  • Understanding ERK's role in tumor microenvironment dynamics is crucial for developing effective cancer treatments.