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Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
Published on: November 24, 2021
Percutaneous absorption and brain distribution facilitation of borneol on tetramethylpyrazine in a
Xiaoge Hu1, Ning Cheng1, Jihui Zhao1
1School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
Abstract:
In this study, we show that the percutaneous absorption and brain distribution of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is enhanced when combined with borneol (BN) in a microemulsion-based transdermal therapeutic system (ME-TTS). The formulation of the TMP and BN microemulsion (TEM-BN-ME) was optimized in skin permeation studies in vitro following a uniform experimental design. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the in vivo pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies of TMP-BN-ME-TTS. In the pharmacokinetic study, the TMP-BN-ME-TTS treated rats had significantly higher (P < 0.05) C max and AUC of TMP than the TMP-ME-TTS treated rats, indicating that BN improves the rate and extent of TMP percutaneous absorption. In the tissue distribution study, the AUC of TMP in brain was significantly higher in the TMP-BN-ME-TTS group (P < 0.05), indicating that BN facilitates the distribution of TMP in brain. In summary, BN enhanced the percutaneous absorption and brain distribution of TMP in a microemulsion-based transdermal therapeutic system.
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