Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters
Published on: November 22, 2019
Development and initial validation of a theory of planned behaviour questionnaire to assess the nursing students'
Giampiera Bulfone1, Ercole Vellone1, Massimo Maurici1
1Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
Background:
Self-employment represents a new work opportunity for new nursing graduates; however, little is known about nursing students' Intention to meet this new demand from the labour market.
Aims:
To develop a theory-driven questionnaire to assess students' Intentions for self-employment and psychometrically test this scale.
Method:
A cross-sectional study was conducted investigating 344 nursing students in their final year in an Italian university. The content, face, construct, convergent and discriminant validity, and reliability were evaluated. We also tested the theory of planned behaviour.
Results:
The Planned Self-Employment Scale demonstrated satisfactory validity and good reliability. A moderate Intention to be self-employed emerged among nurses (3.6 ± 1.5 out of 7). This level of Intention was predicted by the Attitudes and Perceived Behaviour Control dimensions.
Conclusion:
The Planned Self-Employment Scale exhibited good validity and reliability and can thus be used with nursing students.
Implications For Nursing Management:
Educators need to design a curriculum to improve students' decision-making and autonomy. At the central level, there is a need to produce guidelines that offer guidance to both nurses and patients, as well as the system as a whole with regard to this new form of nursing service.
Related Concept Videos
Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching II: Planning and Implementation
Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching I: Assessment and Diagnosis
It is critical to determine the patient's learning needs during the assessment. Determination of learning needs compounds data...
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Theoretical Foundations of Nursing Practice
Theories provide a perspective to assess patients' conditions and organize data and methods. They also assist in analyzing and interpreting information. They represent a...
Nursing Interventions II: Selecting and Classifying the Nursing Interventions
Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I
The health belief model (HBM) attempts to predict health-related behavior in specific belief patterns. According to the HBM, a person's...
