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Related Concept Videos

Stress: General Loading Conditions01:15

Stress: General Loading Conditions

485
To grasp the intricacy of real-world conditions where multiple loads are applied simultaneously to a structure, one might visualize a section passing through a specific point within a body, aligned parallel to the xy plane. This section is subjected to various forces, including original loads, normal forces, and shearing forces.
The shearing force, possessing potential directionality within the plane of the section, is simplified into two component forces running parallel to the x and y axes....
485
Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts01:10

Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

450
In materials that exhibit elastic and plastic behavior, known as elastoplastic materials, residual stresses can accumulate when these materials experience plastic deformation. This deformation arises from either high levels of shearing stress or significant strains. Residual stresses are internal stresses that persist within a material after removing the external force causing deformation. This phenomenon is demonstrated when observing the behavior of a shaft under torque; notably, the...
450
Stress Concentrations01:24

Stress Concentrations

557
Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
557
Stress Concentrations01:13

Stress Concentrations

521
The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
The stress...
521
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain01:29

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

534
Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...
534
Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members01:23

Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members

336
Thin-walled members with non-symmetrical cross-sections are vital to engineering structures, offering material efficiency and structural integrity. However, unsymmetrical loading on these members leads to complex stress distributions, resulting in simultaneous bending and twisting can cause deformation or structural failure. The interaction between bending and twisting requires detailed analysis to ensure structural resilience.
The concept of the shear center is crucial in countering the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Estimation of Telomeric Repeat-containing RNA from DNA/RNA Hybrid Complexes
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Emerging roles for R-loop structures in the management of topological stress.

Frederic Chedin1,2, Craig J Benham3,4

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 flchedin@ucdavis.edu.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|February 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

R-loops, DNA structures formed during transcription, are influenced by DNA sequence and topology. Understanding their interplay reveals R-loops as crucial for genome stability and biological roles.

Keywords:
DNA structureDNA topoisomeraseDNA topologyDNA transcriptionR-loopchromosomesgene transcriptiongenome stabilitysupercoilingsuperhelicitytopological stress

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • R-loops are widespread DNA:RNA hybrids crucial in cellular processes.
  • These structures are linked to genome instability and disease.
  • Understanding R-loop formation is vital for comprehending their biological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize evidence on DNA sequence and topology in R-loop formation.
  • To propose a unified model for R-loop dynamics.
  • To explore R-loops as topological stress relievers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Analysis of DNA sequence and topology contributions.
  • Integration of R-loop modeling and single-molecule profiling data.

Main Results:

  • DNA topology, particularly superhelicity, drives R-loop formation.
  • DNA sequence also plays a significant role in R-loop stability.
  • A model integrating sequence and topology effects was developed.

Conclusions:

  • R-loops are dynamic structures influenced by both DNA sequence and topology.
  • R-loops act as reversible topological stress relievers.
  • This perspective broadens the understanding of R-loops' physiological and pathological functions.