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Bone Markings

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

Spongy Bone

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

Classification of Bones

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bone Cells and Tissue

Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the...

Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

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Published on: April 12, 2019

Rare aneurysmal bone cysts: multifocal, extraosseous, and surface variants.

Andrea Angelini¹, Andreas F Mavrogenis², Elisa Pagliarini¹

¹Department of Orthopaedics and Orthopaedic Oncology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.

European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology : Orthopedie Traumatologie

|February 29, 2020

Summary

Rare aneurysmal bone cyst variants, including multifocal, extraosseous, and surface types, share similar features and are best treated with surgery. While recurrences are possible, the prognosis for these uncommon bone lesions is excellent.

Keywords:

Aneurysmal bone cyst Extraosseous Multifocal Periosteal Soft tissue Surface

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Pathology
Radiology

Background:

Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign, expansile, osteolytic bone lesions.
Rare variants include multifocal, extraosseous, and surface ABCs, which present unique diagnostic and management challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the clinicopathological and imaging features of rare ABC variants.
To discuss the diagnosis and optimal surgical treatment for these uncommon lesions.
To enhance clinician familiarity with these entities and their differential diagnoses.

Main Methods:

Literature review of clinicopathological and imaging findings.
Synthesis of current knowledge on diagnosis and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

Multifocal, extraosseous, and surface ABCs exhibit clinicopathological similarities to conventional ABCs.
Surgical intervention is the preferred treatment modality.
Local recurrences can occur but do not significantly impact the overall excellent prognosis.

Conclusions:

Clinicians must be aware of these rare ABC variants for accurate diagnosis and management.
Familiarity with differential diagnoses is crucial for appropriate patient care.
Despite rarity, these variants have a favorable outcome with timely surgical treatment.