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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7âˆ'ÃŽ ´/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 STO Single-crystal Substrates
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Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7âˆ'ÃŽ ´/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 STO Single-crystal Substrates

Published on: April 12, 2019

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Deterministic Magnetization Switching Using Lateral Spin-Orbit Torque.

Yi Cao1,2, Yu Sheng1, Kevin William Edmonds3

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|February 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrate deterministic magnetization switching using lateral spin-orbit torque (SOT) in a magnetic structure without an external magnetic field. This breakthrough paves the way for ultralow-power memory and logic devices.

Keywords:
current-induced magnetization switchinglateral Pt/Co interfaceslateral spin-orbit torque (lateral SOT)localized laser annealing

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Area of Science:

  • Spintronics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Current-induced magnetization switching via spin-orbit torque (SOT) is crucial for advanced ultralow-power memory and logic.
  • Conventional SOT typically requires an external magnetic field for deterministic switching, limiting device scalability and power efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve deterministic current-induced SOT full magnetization switching in zero external magnetic field.
  • To investigate novel mechanisms for generating SOT without relying on external magnetic fields.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of Pt/Co/Pt magnetic structures with a lateral Pt gradient induced by localized laser annealing along the in-plane current direction.
  • Microstructure and chemical composition analysis to confirm the lateral Pt gradient.
  • Experimental characterization of magnetization switching behavior under varying conditions, including zero and external magnetic fields.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated deterministic current-induced SOT magnetization switching in zero magnetic field.
  • Switching direction was found to depend on the laser track location, not external spin current polarization.
  • Identified two independent SOT mechanisms: lateral Pt-Co asymmetry and out-of-plane injected spin currents.

Conclusions:

  • Localized laser annealing creates a lateral Pt gradient, enabling deterministic SOT switching without an external magnetic field.
  • The lateral Pt-Co asymmetry provides a tunable SOT mechanism dependent on annealing parameters.
  • This approach offers a pathway to highly efficient, field-free SOT devices for next-generation electronics.