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Related Concept Videos

Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

4.9K
Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...
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Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
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Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...
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Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

3.8K
As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Isolation and Fluorescence Imaging for Single-particle Reconstruction of Chlamydomonas Centrioles
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Isolation and Fluorescence Imaging for Single-particle Reconstruction of Chlamydomonas Centrioles

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A helical inner scaffold provides a structural basis for centriole cohesion.

Maeva Le Guennec1, Nikolai Klena1, Davide Gambarotto1

  • 1University of Geneva, Department of Cell Biology, Sciences III, Geneva, Switzerland.

Science Advances
|February 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A novel helical scaffold maintains centriole structural integrity by binding microtubule triplets (MTTs). This discovery reveals the molecular basis for centriole cohesion, essential for centrosome and cilia formation.

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Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes
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Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

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Reconstitution of Basic Mitotic Spindles in Spherical Emulsion Droplets

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Isolation and Fluorescence Imaging for Single-particle Reconstruction of Chlamydomonas Centrioles
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Isolation and Fluorescence Imaging for Single-particle Reconstruction of Chlamydomonas Centrioles

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Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes
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Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

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Reconstitution of Basic Mitotic Spindles in Spherical Emulsion Droplets

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Microscopy

Background:

  • Centrioles possess a unique ninefold radial arrangement of microtubule triplets (MTTs).
  • Centriole structural integrity is vital for centrosome and cilia function, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
  • MTT cohesion is critical for resisting forces during ciliary beating and mitotic spindle activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural basis of centriole cohesion.
  • To identify the molecular components responsible for maintaining centriole integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging of centrioles from four species.
  • Ultrastructure Expansion Microscopy (U-ExM).

Main Results:

  • A helical inner scaffold, spanning ~70% of centriole length, was identified binding MTTs.
  • Four proteins (POC5, POC1B, FAM161A, Centrin-2) localize to this scaffold.
  • These proteins form a complex that directly binds microtubules, explaining MTT cohesion.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a structural and molecular basis for centriole cohesion and geometry.
  • The identified scaffold and protein complex are crucial for maintaining centriole structural integrity.
  • This finding advances our understanding of centrosome and cilia biogenesis.