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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Epilepsy in older people.

Arjune Sen1, Nathalie Jette2, Masud Husain3

  • 1Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.

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Epilepsy affects many older adults, yet research often overlooks this demographic. This review highlights the need for better diagnosis, treatment, and inclusive clinical trials for epilepsy in seniors.

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Area of Science:

  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Aging populations worldwide face healthcare challenges, particularly for senior citizens.
  • Epilepsy, characterized by recurrent seizures, is prevalent in adults over 65 but receives limited research attention.
  • Understanding epilepsy in older adults is crucial for effective healthcare delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of epilepsy in older adults.
  • To explore comorbidities and psychosocial impacts of epilepsy in the elderly.
  • To advocate for inclusive clinical trials and preventative strategies for epilepsy in seniors.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review on epilepsy in older adults.
  • Analysis of diagnostic challenges and treatment options (medications and surgery).
  • Evaluation of cognitive, psychological, and psychosocial factors, considering global economic disparities.

Main Results:

  • Identified specific causes and diagnostic difficulties of epilepsy in the elderly.
  • Discussed appropriate antiseizure medications and surgical interventions.
  • Examined the influence of epilepsy on social and care networks across different income countries.

Conclusions:

  • Emphasizes the need for greater inclusion of older adults in epilepsy clinical trials.
  • Suggests improving vascular risk factors may reduce epilepsy incidence in seniors.
  • Calls for tailored healthcare strategies to address epilepsy in the aging population.