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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
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Pathways towards human immunodeficiency virus elimination.

Prasanta K Dash1, Bhavesh D Kevadiya1, Hang Su1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.

Ebiomedicine
|March 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV, but elimination remains elusive. Novel agents and CRISPR-Cas9 show promise for excising latent HIV DNA, but further advancements are needed for complete viral eradication.

Keywords:
Antiretroviral therapyBroadly neutralizing antibodiesCRISPR-Cas9 gene editingHIV-1 tissue reservoirsLatency reversing agentsLong-acting slow-effective release antiretroviral therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Gene Therapy

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication.
  • Current ART strategies focus on viral suppression, not complete elimination.
  • Latent integrated proviral DNA and infected cells persist despite ART, posing a barrier to cure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel immune, chemical, and molecular antiviral agents developed for HIV elimination.
  • To assess the potential of emerging technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 for HIV eradication.
  • To identify key areas for improvement in therapeutic strategies to achieve complete HIV elimination.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing research on HIV elimination strategies.
  • Analysis of various antiviral agents including broadly neutralizing antibodies, latency-reversing agents, and innate immune regulators.
  • Evaluation of gene-editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 for proviral DNA excision.
  • Consideration of novel drug delivery systems like nanoformulated prodrugs.

Main Results:

  • Despite significant advancements, no current strategy has achieved complete excision of latent HIV-1 DNA or elimination of infected cells.
  • CRISPR-Cas9 demonstrated the potential for complete excision of latent HIV-1 from the host genome, though success has been limited.
  • Various novel agents, including antibodies and latency-reversing agents, have been explored but have not yet led to eradication.

Conclusions:

  • Achieving complete HIV elimination requires overcoming the challenge of latent reservoirs.
  • Improvements in antiretroviral delivery, agent potency, and specificity are crucial.
  • Combinatorial therapeutic approaches hold significant promise for a functional HIV cure.