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Surgical Facial Esthetics for Gender Affirmation
Jonathan M Sykes1, Amanda E Dilger2, Alexander Sinclair3
1Facial Plastic Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA; Facial Plastic Surgery, Roxbury Institute, Beverly Hills, CA, USA.
Dermatologic Clinics
|March 3, 2020
Summary
Facial features reveal sexual identity through subtle differences in structures like the brow bone and chin. This article explores these sexual dimorphisms and surgical options for facial appearance alteration.
Area of Science:
- Plastic Surgery
- Forensic Anthropology
- Human Anatomy
Background:
- Sexual dimorphism is evident in facial morphology, distinguishing male and female appearances.
- Subtle variations in features like the brow bone, chin, nose, and lips contribute to overall facial sexual dimorphism.
Purpose of the Study:
- To outline the sexual differences in facial features.
- To discuss surgical procedures for altering facial appearance and sexual identity.
- To describe the diagnosis of facial dimorphism and its limitations.
Main Methods:
- Review of anatomical differences between male and female facial structures.
- Discussion of surgical techniques for facial feminization and masculinization.
- Analysis of diagnostic criteria for facial dimorphism.
Main Results:
- Identification of key facial features exhibiting sexual dimorphism.
- Overview of surgical procedures aimed at modifying these features.
- Consideration of the diagnostic accuracy and constraints of facial dimorphism assessment.
Conclusions:
- Facial features display clear sexual dimorphism.
- Surgical interventions can alter perceived sexual identity through facial modification.
- Accurate diagnosis and understanding of limitations are crucial for surgical outcomes.
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