Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.5K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.5K
Outer Layers of the Cell Envelope01:18

Outer Layers of the Cell Envelope

787
The outermost layers of prokaryotic cells play a critical role in their survival, virulence, and interaction with the environment. These layers, often composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or proteins, form protective and adhesive structures that vary in organization and function.Capsules and Slime LayersCapsules are highly organized, tightly bound layers that firmly attach to the bacterial cell wall. Capsules are usually made of polysaccharides, though some are made of polypeptides. These...
787
Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

403
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin,...
403
Adherens Junctions01:24

Adherens Junctions

6.0K
Strong contact points between adjacent cells anchor them to each other, forming tissues. Such anchoring junctions are of two types –  adherens junctions and desmosomes. Adherens junctions are abundant in tissues such as  epithelium and endothelium, forming a continuous zone of adhesion called the adhesion belt. In other tissues, such as  heart muscle, they appear as clusters, linking the cells to produce coordinated heart muscle contraction.
Adherens Junctions are Dynamic
6.0K
Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

9.0K
Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
9.0K
Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

39.9K
Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
39.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> pore-forming toxins differentially shape disease severity in experimental endophthalmitis.

Infection and immunity·2026
Same author

Characterization of a novel cell wall-associated nucleotidase of Enterococcus faecalis that degrades extracellular c-di-AMP.

PLoS pathogens·2026
Same author

Liquid-Infused Silicone Catheters Reduce Fungal Burden and Inflammation in <i>Candidozyma auris</i> Bladder Infections.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Impact of innate immune factors on the persistence of Staphylococcus aureus in the ocular environment.

Experimental eye research·2025
Same author

Host cysteine proteases promote the severity of catheter-associated urinary tract infection and kidney fibrosis.

mBio·2025
Same author

CAUTIon - not all UTIs are the same.

Nature reviews. Urology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis
07:24

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis

Published on: February 6, 2021

12.5K

Bacillus S-Layer-Mediated Innate Interactions During Endophthalmitis.

Md Huzzatul Mursalin1, Phillip S Coburn2,3, Erin Livingston1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|March 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Bacillus surface layer protein (SLP) promotes intraocular inflammation and vision loss in bacterial endophthalmitis by aiding bacterial adherence and evading immune cells via TLR2 and TLR4 pathways.

Keywords:
BacillusS-layerTLRsendophthalmitisimmune responseinflammationocular infection

More Related Videos

Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen
07:15

Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen

Published on: March 21, 2011

35.3K
Standardized In vitro Assays to Visualize and Quantify Interactions between Human Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms
07:28

Standardized In vitro Assays to Visualize and Quantify Interactions between Human Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms

Published on: June 8, 2022

2.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis
07:24

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis

Published on: February 6, 2021

12.5K
Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen
07:15

Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen

Published on: March 21, 2011

35.3K
Standardized In vitro Assays to Visualize and Quantify Interactions between Human Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms
07:28

Standardized In vitro Assays to Visualize and Quantify Interactions between Human Neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms

Published on: June 8, 2022

2.9K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Bacillus endophthalmitis is a severe intraocular infection characterized by inflammation and rapid vision loss.
  • Bacillus surface layer protein (SLP) has been previously shown to significantly reduce endophthalmitis severity in its absence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms by which Bacillus SLP contributes to intraocular inflammation.
  • To explore SLP's role in Bacillus-retinal cell interactions and innate immune pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Compared wild-type (WT) and SLP-deficient (ΔslpA) Bacillus thuringiensis.
  • Analyzed bacterial adherence to and phagocytosis by retinal Muller cells and neutrophils.
  • Assessed innate immune receptor activation (TLR2/4) by bacterial components and SLP.
  • Induced endophthalmitis in mice and treated with a TLR2/4 inhibitor, evaluating bacterial load, inflammation, and retinal function.

Main Results:

  • Bacillus thuringiensis SLP enhanced adherence to retinal Muller cells and protected against phagocytosis by Muller cells and neutrophils.
  • Bacterial envelope and purified SLP activated both TLR2 and TLR4 in vitro.
  • In vivo, a TLR2/4 inhibitor reduced bacterial growth, inflammation, and preserved retinal function in infected eyes.

Conclusions:

  • Bacillus SLP plays a significant role in host-bacterial interactions during endophthalmitis.
  • SLP contributes to pathogenesis via TLR2- and TLR4-mediated innate immune activation.
  • Targeting SLP or TLR pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for Bacillus endophthalmitis.