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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

830
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Halogens03:01

Halogens

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Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Schemas01:42

Schemas

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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
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Types of Chemical Bonds02:36

Types of Chemical Bonds

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Types of Chemical Bonds02:37

Types of Chemical Bonds

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Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and formation of different bonds. Chemical bonding is central to chemistry; it explains how atoms or ions bond together to form molecules. It explains why some bonds are strong and others are weak, or why one carbon bonds with two oxygens and not three; why water is H2O and not H4O. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

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[Babel].

Ivana Buttazzoni1, María Inés Conci, Martín Quarleri

  • 1Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. ivana.buttazzoni@gmail.com.

Vertex (Buenos Aires, Argentina)
|March 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Implementing national mental health law for substance use disorders faces challenges due to diverse theoretical frameworks and societal views. Overcoming these requires addressing representations, prejudices, and accessibility to healthcare.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Mental Health Policy
  • Sociology of Health

Background:

  • Problematic substance use is increasingly viewed as emerging from consumer society dynamics.
  • National Mental Health Law 26.657 mandates interdisciplinary, intersectoral, and integral care for mental health conditions, including addictions.
  • Implementing this law necessitates integrating diverse disciplinary perspectives and social actor contributions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and expose the implementation challenges of Law 26.657 concerning substance use disorders.
  • To analyze the conflicts arising from the intersection of different theoretical frameworks and societal perspectives on addiction.
  • To explore how representations, prejudices, healthcare accessibility, and paradigm diversity impede effective policy implementation.

Main Methods:

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  • Qualitative analysis of theoretical frameworks and their implications for addiction care.
  • Examination of societal representations and prejudices surrounding substance use.
  • Assessment of healthcare accessibility and inter-paradigm criteria diversity in mental health services.

Main Results:

  • The integration of diverse theoretical perspectives creates an 'epistemic Babel,' complicating policy implementation.
  • Societal factors such as representations and prejudices significantly impact the approach to problematic substance use.
  • Disparities in healthcare accessibility and conflicting criteria among different paradigms present substantial obstacles.

Conclusions:

  • Effective implementation of Law 26.657 for substance use disorders requires addressing the heterogeneity of theoretical and social perspectives.
  • Overcoming implementation barriers necessitates a unified approach that tackles societal prejudices and improves healthcare access.
  • Further research is needed to reconcile diverse scientific paradigms for comprehensive addiction care.