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People remember information better when they have control over their learning, a phenomenon known as agency. This study found that the memory benefits of agency only appear when choices have high utility, an effect consistent across ages.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Individuals often remember information better when they have control over their learning environment.
  • The precise mechanisms and developmental trajectory of agency's mnemonic benefits remain incompletely understood.
  • It is unclear if the utility of agency influences its impact on memory encoding and retrieval.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the mnemonic benefit of agency is modulated by the utility of choice.
  • To determine if this effect varies across different age groups, from childhood to adulthood.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 96 participants aged 8–25 years.
  • A paradigm where both agency (control) and its utility (value) were manipulated during the encoding phase.
  • Comparison of memory performance under conditions of varying agency utility.

Main Results:

  • The simple presence of choice did not consistently enhance memory recall.
  • A significant agency-related memory benefit was observed only when the act of choosing held the highest utility within the task.
  • This pattern of results was consistent across all tested age groups, indicating an age-invariant effect.

Conclusions:

  • The mnemonic benefit of agency is contingent upon the perceived utility of the choice, not merely the presence of agency itself.
  • This utility-dependent memory enhancement is present from middle childhood and continues into adulthood.
  • Future research should explore the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying this utility-modulated agency effect on memory.