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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. Topographic surveying relies on traditional and modern methods, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Traditional Surveying Methods:Transit stadia surveys and plane table surveys were widely used traditional surveying methods. These techniques relied on instruments like theodolites and stadia rods for measuring distances and angles,...
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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over...
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As leveling involves measuring vertical distances relative to a horizontal line of sight, it requires a graduated rod, called a level rod, for vertical measurements and an instrument called a level for a horizontal sight line. A level includes a high-powered telescope with a mechanism for leveling to ensure the line of sight is horizontal when the bubble in the spirit level is centered. Leveling rods, made of wood, metal, or fiberglass, are graduated in feet or meters and commonly used in two-...
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GIS Software, Hardware, and Sources of GIS Data01:23

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A Geographic Information System (GIS) combines specialized software and hardware to effectively manage, analyze, and present spatial and related data. GIS software includes critical functionalities such as a user interface for easy navigation, database management tools for handling spatial and attribute data, and data retrieval features for efficient access. Analytical tools transform raw data into insights, while display functions produce maps and reports in various formats for effective...
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Collecting and Processing Drone-based Remotely Sensed Data for Use in Forest Recovery Monitoring
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LiDAR-Based System and Optical VHR Data for Building Detection and Mapping.

Silvia Liberata Ullo1, Chiara Zarro1, Konrad Wojtowicz2

  • 1Engineering Department, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) significantly improves Earth Observation and environmental monitoring systems. LiDAR data, even at low densities, enables accurate automatic extraction of building features, enhancing analysis and reliability.

Keywords:
2D LiDARs3D LiDARsLiDAR technologyObject-Based Image Analysis (OBIA)WorldView-2analysis and classificationbuilding feature extractionenvironmental monitoringoptical VHR data

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Area of Science:

  • Geospatial Science
  • Environmental Science
  • Remote Sensing Technology

Background:

  • Traditional Earth Observation (EO) and environmental monitoring systems face limitations in performance and reliability.
  • The integration of advanced sensing technologies is crucial for enhancing data acquisition and analysis capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the significant performance and reliability enhancements offered by Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) in EO and environmental monitoring.
  • To present case studies showcasing the application and benefits of 2D and 3D LiDAR data in environmental analysis and feature extraction.

Main Methods:

  • A brief overview of LiDAR systems and their unique characteristics.
  • Presentation and discussion of two case studies utilizing 2D and 3D LiDAR data.
  • Exploration of LiDAR data combined with other data sources, such as optical Very High Resolution (VHR) data.

Main Results:

  • LiDAR-based systems, especially when combined with VHR optical data, improve the analysis and monitoring of specific areas.
  • LiDAR data effectively aids in exploring external environments and extracting detailed building features from urban landscapes.
  • Even low-density LiDAR point clouds facilitate automatic, accurate building feature extraction using object-oriented classification techniques.

Conclusions:

  • The study underscores the importance of LiDAR technology in advancing Earth Observation and environmental monitoring.
  • LiDAR systems, even simple ones, play a vital role in developing automated procedures for detailed feature extraction.
  • The integration of LiDAR data enhances the overall accuracy and reliability of monitoring systems.