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Related Concept Videos

Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

Open and closed-loop control systems

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Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal...
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Feedback control systems01:26

Feedback control systems

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Feedback control systems are categorized in various ways based on their design, analysis, and signal types.
Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify analysis and design. These systems operate under the principle that their output is directly proportional to their input within certain ranges. For instance, an amplifier in a control system behaves linearly as long as the input signal remains within a specific range. However, most physical systems exhibit inherent nonlinearity...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Real-Time DC-dynamic Biasing Method for Switching Time Improvement in Severely Underdamped Fringing-field Electrostatic MEMS Actuators
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Open loop control theory algorithms for high-speed 3D MEMS optical switches.

C Pollock, F Pardo, M Imboden

    Optics Express
    |March 4, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    Novel feedforward controls dramatically improve 3D MEMS switching speeds and reduce costs, making them ideal for next-generation exascale data center optical fabrics.

    Area of Science:

    • Optical networking
    • Data center technology
    • Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)

    Background:

    • Exascale data centers require advanced all-optical transmission and switching technologies.
    • Current 2D switching fabrics (MEMS/waveguides, semiconductor optical amplifiers) face challenges with high, path-dependent losses and crosstalk.
    • 3D MEMS beam steering offers superior optical properties for large fabrics but is hindered by slow speeds and high costs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To address the limitations of 3D MEMS switching fabrics for data center applications.
    • To demonstrate how novel control strategies can overcome speed and cost barriers.
    • To position 3D MEMS as a leading technology for future data center optical switching.

    Main Methods:

    • Development and application of novel feedforward open-loop control systems.

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  • Analysis of switching speed improvements.
  • Evaluation of cost reduction strategies for 3D MEMS port configurations.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved a two-orders-of-magnitude improvement in MEMS switching speeds.
    • Reduced the cost of 3D MEMS fabrics by a factor of three.
    • Demonstrated the viability of 3D MEMS for high-port-count optical switching.

    Conclusions:

    • Feedforward open-loop controls effectively resolve the speed and cost issues associated with 3D MEMS.
    • Optimized 3D MEMS switching fabrics are now a competitive and potentially superior technology for exascale data centers.
    • This advancement paves the way for 3D MEMS to become the preferred choice for data center optical switching solutions.