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Updated: Dec 27, 2025

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Temporal response of polymer waveguide beam scanner with thermo-optic phase-modulator array.

Sung-Moon Kim, Tae-Hyun Park, Chul-Soon Im

    Optics Express
    |March 4, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed a polymer-based phase-modulator array for solid-state light detection and ranging (LiDAR). This technology enables mechanical-free beam scanning with a fast response time, though polymer viscoelasticity causes minor power fluctuations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Materials Science
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Solid-state light detection and ranging (LiDAR) requires phase-modulator arrays for mechanical-free beam scanning.
    • Polymers offer advantages for phase modulator fabrication due to their high thermo-optic (TO) effect and low thermal conductivity, enabling low drive power.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and fabricate a polymeric phase-modulator array for solid-state LiDAR.
    • To analyze the temporal and frequency response of the thermo-optic (TO) phase modulator and the integrated beam-scanning device.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a polymeric phase-modulator array.
    • Measurement of the temporal and frequency response of the TO phase modulator using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI).
    • Modeling of the MZI modulator's transfer function.

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  • Measurement of the frequency response of the complete beam-scanning device.

    • Main Results:

    • The temporal response of the beam scanner closely matched the MZI modulator.
    • The device demonstrated a rapid rise time of 12 ms.
    • Slight power variations were observed over extended periods (hundreds of seconds) due to the polymer's viscoelastic effect.

    Conclusions:

    • Polymeric phase-modulator arrays are suitable for efficient, low-drive-power beam scanning in solid-state LiDAR.
    • The fabricated device shows promising performance with a fast response time.
    • The viscoelastic nature of polymers introduces long-term power fluctuations that require further investigation or mitigation strategies.