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Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are small, coiled tubular structures located in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin. Sweat glands are responsible for producing and secreting sweat, a watery fluid that helps regulate body temperature and excrete waste products.
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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
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The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
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Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition.

Lindsay B Baker1, Anthony S Wolfe2

  • 1Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo R&D Life Sciences, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA. lindsay.baker@pepsico.com.

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|March 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sweat composition is complex, influenced by many factors beyond blood levels. While useful for cystic fibrosis screening, sweat is not yet a reliable biomarker for general health or physiological status.

Keywords:
Amino acidsAmmoniaBicarbonateBiomarkerCytokinesElectrolytesEthanolGlucoseLactateUrea

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Human Health

Background:

  • Eccrine sweat's composition is determined by intricate physiological mechanisms.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to evaluating sweat's potential as a biomarker.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological mechanisms of eccrine sweat composition.
  • To assess sweat's utility as a proxy for blood or a biomarker for health and physiological status.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of sweat electrolytes (sodium, chloride, potassium), micronutrients, metabolites (glucose, lactate, urea), and other compounds (cytokines, cortisol).

Main Results:

  • Mechanisms for sodium and chloride transport are known; others remain unclear.
  • Limited correlation between sweat and blood constituents, except possibly ethanol.
  • Elevated sweat sodium/chloride aids cystic fibrosis screening, but sweat is not predictive of hydration or exercise intensity.
  • Current research on glucose, cytokines, and cortisol in sweat is insufficient for biomarker use.

Conclusions:

  • Final sweat composition depends on secretion/reabsorption, flow rate, gland metabolism, and skin contamination.
  • Methodological factors significantly influence sweat composition.
  • Further research accounting for confounding factors is necessary to establish sweat as a reliable biomarker.