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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Parallel Genomics Uncover Novel Enterococcal-Bacteriophage Interactions.

Anushila Chatterjee1, Julia L E Willett2, Uyen Thy Nguyen3

  • 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteriophages (phages) targeting multidrug-resistant bacteria influence bacterial gene expression and behavior. This study reveals how phage predation impacts bacterial fitness, community interactions, and potential collateral effects during phage therapy.

Keywords:
EnterococcusRNA-SeqTn-Seqantibiotic resistancebacteriophagesphage-bacterium interactionstransposons

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacteriophage Therapy
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Bacteriophages (phages) are promising alternatives for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
  • Fundamental understanding of bacterial responses to phage predation is lacking.
  • Investigating these interactions is crucial for optimizing phage therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate molecular mechanisms of bacterial response to phage predation in *Enterococcus faecalis*.
  • To identify bacterial genes and regulatory pathways involved in phage-bacterial interactions.
  • To assess the impact of phage infection on bacterial behavior and community dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized transposon library screening and RNA sequencing in *Enterococcus faecalis*.
  • Investigated interactions with a virulent phage.
  • Performed transcriptomic profiling of phage-infected bacteria.

Main Results:

  • Identified a LytR family transcription factor regulating enterococcal polysaccharide antigen (*epa*) genes crucial for phage infection and fitness.
  • Discovered rapid evolution of phage adsorption deficiency in DNA mismatch repair mutants.
  • Revealed broad transcriptional changes affecting viral replication, bacterial group behaviors, and interbacterial interactions (e.g., quorum sensing).

Conclusions:

  • Phage predation significantly influences bacterial gene expression, fitness, and complex behaviors.
  • Phage infection can alter bacterial interactions, impacting microbial community composition.
  • Therapeutic phages may have broader ecological effects beyond their target bacteria, influencing host microbiota.