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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

10.8K
Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Posterior Semicircular Canal Approach for Inner Ear Gene Delivery in Neonatal Mouse
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Inner ear delivery: Challenges and opportunities.

Betsy Szeto1, Harry Chiang1, Chris Valentini1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons New York New York.

Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology
|March 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Treating inner ear disorders is difficult due to bony labyrinth barriers. Local drug delivery using nanoparticles, hydrogels, and microneedles offers promising strategies to overcome these challenges.

Keywords:
inner ear disordersintracochlear deliverymicroneedlesnanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Otic science
  • Drug delivery systems
  • Biomedical engineering

Background:

  • Inner ear disorder treatment faces significant challenges due to the protective bony labyrinth.
  • Anatomical barriers limit the efficacy of conventional therapeutic approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in overcoming inner ear anatomical barriers for drug delivery.
  • To explore novel strategies and future research directions in otic drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on systemic and local drug delivery for inner ear disorders.

Main Results:

  • Majority of studies focused on local delivery methods, including hydrogels, nanoparticles, and microneedles.
  • Systemic delivery approaches using nanoparticle systems were also investigated.
  • Direct intracochlear delivery methods like injection and implants show development.

Conclusions:

  • Local drug delivery is the preferred strategy for inner ear disorders in the absence of targeted systemic drugs.
  • Combining microneedle technology with hydrogel and nanoparticle systems presents a promising future avenue.
  • Overcoming anatomical barriers is key to effective inner ear therapeutic interventions.