Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Distributed Loads: Problem Solving01:21

Distributed Loads: Problem Solving

1.0K
Beams are structural elements commonly employed in engineering applications requiring different load-carrying capacities. The first step in analyzing a beam under a distributed load is to simplify the problem by dividing the load into smaller regions, which allows one to consider each region separately and calculate the magnitude of the equivalent resultant load acting on each portion of the beam. The magnitude of the equivalent resultant load for each region can be determined by calculating...
1.0K
Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

2.1K
Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
2.1K
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

54.6K
Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
54.6K
Concentration Cells02:41

Concentration Cells

25.3K
A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
Consider the following voltaic cell:
25.3K
Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

312
In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
312
Neurons as Communicators of the Brain01:22

Neurons as Communicators of the Brain

2.7K
Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, function as the primary transmitters of information throughout the body. Their ability to communicate through electrical and chemical signals is vital for every bodily function, from regulating the heartbeat to processing complex thoughts. Each neuron has three main components: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon, each specialized to facilitate swift and efficient neural communication.
Cell Body
The cell body, also known...
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

What is the effect of measurable respiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle strength in mechanically ventilated adults in intensive care units? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Australian critical care : official journal of the Confederation of Australian Critical Care Nurses·2025
Same author

The edge-averaging process on graphs with random initial opinions.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Unanticipated demand of Physiotherapist-Deployed Airway Clearance during the COVID-19 Surge 2020 a single centre report.

Physiotherapy·2021
Same author

Online learning with an almost perfect expert.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2019
Same author

Gravitational allocation on the sphere.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2018
Same author

Tractable near-optimal policies for crawling.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.0K

Communication cost of consensus for nodes with limited memory.

Giulia Fanti1, Nina Holden2, Yuval Peres3

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Reaching consensus on the majority bit in wireless networks requires sufficient memory. Insufficient memory prevents nodes from knowing when to stop communicating, increasing communication costs.

Keywords:
communicationconsensusdistributed computingmemory

More Related Videos

BtM, a Low-cost Open-source Datalogger to Estimate the Water Content of Nonvascular Cryptogams
08:25

BtM, a Low-cost Open-source Datalogger to Estimate the Water Content of Nonvascular Cryptogams

Published on: March 25, 2019

8.5K
Efficient Chromatin Immunoprecipitation using Limiting Amounts of Biomass
14:29

Efficient Chromatin Immunoprecipitation using Limiting Amounts of Biomass

Published on: May 1, 2013

14.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 27, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.0K
BtM, a Low-cost Open-source Datalogger to Estimate the Water Content of Nonvascular Cryptogams
08:25

BtM, a Low-cost Open-source Datalogger to Estimate the Water Content of Nonvascular Cryptogams

Published on: March 25, 2019

8.5K
Efficient Chromatin Immunoprecipitation using Limiting Amounts of Biomass
14:29

Efficient Chromatin Immunoprecipitation using Limiting Amounts of Biomass

Published on: May 1, 2013

14.6K

Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Network Science

Background:

  • Wireless networks and the Internet of Things (IoT) require efficient consensus mechanisms.
  • Existing research prioritizes consensus time and error probability, not communication cost.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To minimize communication costs for reaching consensus on the majority bit among n nodes.
  • To investigate the impact of node memory on communication efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling nodes as finite automata with Poisson clocks.
  • Analyzing consensus probability based on node memory (m bits).
  • Determining conditions for linear communication cost.

Main Results:

  • Consensus is achievable with linear communication cost when memory (m) is sufficient (m >= 2).
  • Consensus with linear communication cost is impossible if memory is insufficient (m < 2).
  • Nodes cannot reliably detect consensus completion with low memory, hindering communication reduction.

Conclusions:

  • Sufficient node memory is crucial for efficient consensus in distributed systems.
  • Memory limitations fundamentally restrict the ability to minimize communication in consensus protocols.
  • Future research should consider memory constraints in designing consensus algorithms for IoT and wireless networks.