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Related Concept Videos

Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

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Overview
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Inflammatory Response II: Inflammatory Exudate and Tissue Repair01:24

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The immune system's inflammatory response destroys the invading pathogen, permitting the tissue to heal. The changes during the cellular and vascular stages allow exudate formation at the site of inflammation. The inflammatory exudate released from the wound has high protein content and a specific gravity above 1.020.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Syndecans in Inflammation at a Glance.

Sandeep Gopal1

  • 1Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Frontiers in Immunology
|March 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Syndecans, proteoglycans involved in cell signaling, play a dual role in inflammation by regulating leukocyte extravasation and cytokine function. Their expression and shedding influence the inflammatory response, impacting its progression and resolution.

Keywords:
chemokine gradientcytokinesextravasationinflammationproteoglycansheddingsyndecan

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Syndecans are transmembrane proteoglycans mediating cell signaling through interactions with diverse ligands.
  • They are crucial in regulating leukocyte extravasation and cytokine activity during inflammatory processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of syndecans in inflammation.
  • To elucidate how cell-surface and soluble syndecans modulate inflammatory responses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on syndecan function in inflammation.
  • Analysis of syndecan expression, shedding, and ligand interactions in inflammatory contexts.

Main Results:

  • Syndecans regulate key inflammatory events, including leukocyte recruitment and cytokine signaling.
  • Inflammation stage, chain sulfation, and ectodomain shedding influence syndecan function.
  • Both cell-bound and soluble syndecans are integral to initiating and balancing inflammation.

Conclusions:

  • Syndecans are critical regulators of inflammation, influencing both its initiation and resolution.
  • Understanding syndecan dynamics offers insights into therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases.