Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Dosage Regimen: Individualization01:24

Dosage Regimen: Individualization

122
Individualization in dosing regimens is the customization of medication doses for individual patients. Its necessity arises from the goal of maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks. This approach is pivotal because human responses to drugs can vary widely; what is effective for one person may be inadequate or excessive for another. Interpatient (intersubject) variability refers to differences in drug responses between individuals, while intrapatient (intrasubject) variability...
122
Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological01:19

Factors Affecting Drug Biotransformation: Biological

459
Biological factors significantly impact drug metabolism, influencing drug clearance, efficacy, and potential toxicity.
Species differences: Variations in enzyme systems across species can cause disparities in drug metabolism. For instance, humans may metabolize certain drugs faster than rodents, altering therapeutic effects.
Strain differences: Genetic variations within a species can result in differing enzyme activity, impacting drug response and toxicity. For example, some mouse strains may...
459
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Causes of Nonlinearity01:22

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Causes of Nonlinearity

611
Nonlinearity in drug pharmacokinetics is caused by various factors influencing how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Understanding these nonlinear processes is crucial for predicting drug behavior in the body and optimizing drug dosing regimens.
Nonlinear drug absorption can occur when the process is rate-limited by solubility, carrier-mediated transport systems, or saturation of the presystemic gut wall or hepatic metabolism. For instance, high doses of riboflavin...
611
Analysis of Population Pharmacokinetic Data01:12

Analysis of Population Pharmacokinetic Data

614
Analysis of population pharmacokinetic data involves studying the behavior of drugs within diverse populations to understand their pharmacokinetic parameters. Traditional pharmacokinetic methods typically involve collecting samples from a few individuals and estimating these parameters. While these methods are commonly used, they have limitations in capturing the variability in drug response among individuals or heterogeneous populations. Population pharmacokinetics is employed to address these...
614
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

143
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
143
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

182
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
182

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Rational Basis for Personalized Treatment Using Concentration-Guided Dosing.

Therapeutic drug monitoring·2025
Same author

Imputation of missing clock times - application to procalcitonin concentration time course after birth.

Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics·2025
Same author

A pharmacokinetic framework describing antibiotic adsorption to cardiopulmonary bypass devices.

CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology·2024
Same author

Covariate modeling in pharmacometrics: General points for consideration.

CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology·2024
Same author

A Randomized Trial Comparing Standard of Care to Bayesian Warfarin Dose Individualization.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2024
Same author

A physiological approach to renal clearance: From premature neonates to adults.

British journal of clinical pharmacology·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 27, 2025

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment
08:59

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

Published on: December 3, 2020

8.4K

Pharmacokinetic variability due to environmental differences.

Nick Holford1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Translational and Clinical Pharmacology
|March 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Environmental factors significantly impact drug behavior in the body, influencing pharmacokinetic variability. Key factors include body size, maturation, and organ function, particularly in infants and those with impaired renal function.

Keywords:
maturationorgan functionpharmacokineticssizevariability

More Related Videos

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development
07:02

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development

Published on: February 11, 2019

10.2K
Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease
08:09

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: January 7, 2014

7.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 27, 2025

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment
08:59

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

Published on: December 3, 2020

8.4K
A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development
07:02

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development

Published on: February 11, 2019

10.2K
Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease
08:09

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: January 7, 2014

7.9K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Drug Metabolism
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Pharmacokinetic variability significantly affects drug efficacy and safety.
  • Genetic factors are well-studied, but non-genetic influences require further elucidation.
  • Environmental factors represent a substantial, often underestimated, source of drug variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review non-genetic sources of pharmacokinetic variability.
  • To highlight key environmental factors influencing drug disposition.
  • To emphasize the clinical relevance of these factors in patient care.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pharmacokinetic variability.
  • Analysis of environmental factors impacting drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
  • Synthesis of data on body size, maturation, and organ function.

Main Results:

  • Body size and composition are crucial determinants of drug pharmacokinetics across all patient populations.
  • Maturation significantly alters pharmacokinetics, especially in neonates and infants (<2 years).
  • Renal function emerges as the most critical predictable source of pharmacokinetic variability due to organ function differences.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental factors, beyond genetics, are major drivers of pharmacokinetic variability.
  • Clinicians must consider patient size, age-related maturation, and organ function for optimal drug dosing.
  • Understanding these environmental influences is essential for personalized medicine and improved therapeutic outcomes.