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Updated: Dec 27, 2025

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Silymarin: not just another antioxidant.

Fernanda Caetano Camini1, Daniela Caldeira Costa1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Post-Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Nucleus of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
|March 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Silymarin, a milk thistle extract, shows multifaceted protective effects against various diseases, including liver conditions and cancer, due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Further clinical research is needed to confirm efficacy and optimal dosage in humans.

Keywords:
Silybum marianumSilymarinanti-inflammatoryantioxidantmilk thistle

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Silymarin (SM), derived from Silybum marianum (milk thistle), has a long history of use for liver ailments.
  • Emerging research highlights SM as a multifunctional compound beyond its antioxidant capacity.
  • Its potential extends to the prevention and treatment of diverse pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the primary protective activities of Silymarin across a spectrum of diseases.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying SM's therapeutic potential, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and signaling pathway modulation.
  • To assess the current evidence for SM's efficacy in various health conditions and its photoprotective effects.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of in vitro tests and preclinical studies.
  • Analysis of research investigating Silymarin's effects on cancer, diabetes, viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, depression, cardiovascular diseases, and thalassemia.
  • Examination of studies focusing on SM's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and signaling pathway modulating functions.

Main Results:

  • Silymarin demonstrates significant protective activities in models of liver diseases (alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis B and C).
  • Evidence suggests potential benefits in cancer, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, depression, cardiovascular diseases, and thalassemia.
  • SM exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects, and modulates key signaling pathways, alongside demonstrated photoprotective properties.

Conclusions:

  • Silymarin possesses considerable multifunctional therapeutic potential, supported by extensive preclinical data.
  • Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions are key mechanisms for its protective effects.
  • While promising, cautious use in humans is advised pending more robust clinical trials to establish adequate dosage and definitive efficacy.