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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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The Endocrine System01:29

The Endocrine System

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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

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Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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The adrenal gland in AIDS.

Heidrun Rotterdam1, Francine Dembitzer1

  • 1Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York.

Endocrine Pathology
|March 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Adrenal gland disease is common in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, but rarely causes adrenal insufficiency. Tuberculosis, not Cytomegaloviral (CMV) infection, is the more likely cause of severe adrenal damage.

Keywords:
Acquire Immunodeficiency SyndromeAdrenal GlandAdrenal InsufficiencyAdrenal MedullaSuramin

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Last Updated: Dec 27, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The adrenal gland is a frequent site for opportunistic infections and tumors in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
  • Autopsy data has long indicated a link between adrenal pathology and AIDS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the frequency and severity of adrenal gland lesions in AIDS patients.
  • To determine the likelihood of adrenal insufficiency resulting from these lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Examination of adrenal glands from 66 autopsied AIDS patients in New York City.
  • Tabulation and grading of histopathological findings, focusing on opportunistic infections and neoplasms.

Main Results:

  • 56% of AIDS patients had adrenal gland conditions, predominantly opportunistic infections (53%).
  • Cytomegaloviral (CMV) infection was most common (42%), followed by mycobacterial (8%) and fungal (3%) infections.
  • Total adrenal cortex necrosis was observed only in two tuberculosis cases; CMV adrenalitis caused <30% cortical destruction.

Conclusions:

  • While adrenal disease is common in AIDS, lesions are typically not extensive enough to cause adrenal insufficiency.
  • Tuberculosis is identified as a more probable cause of complete adrenal cortical destruction than CMV infection in AIDS patients.