Hydrogels in endovascular embolization. IV. Effect of radiopaque spherical particles on the living tissue

In this study we report the results of toxicological, histological and haematological experiments on radiopaque spherical particles based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). These particles have been developed for endovascular occlusion of various organs. Radiopacity was attained by two independent methods: the chemical attachment of radiopaque substances to the hydrogel or the precipitation of radiopaque substances in the hydrogel network. The first method yields particles that appear to have uniformly-distributed contrast material, but in the particles prepared by the second procedure the contrast material is predominantly located on the surface. The visibility of such particles by X-rays makes possible controlled embolus introduction and inspection of the polymer for long periods after embolization. Radiopaque contrasting changes the morphology and reduces the porosity of the material but supports quick thrombus formation. Embolic material implanted in rabbits becomes surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule and undergoes partial organization. This and other results of medico-biological investigations have fully demonstrated the biocompatibility of radiopaque spherical emboli, which can now be used clinically.